Labor Day: How Political and Economic Freedom Are Linked
It has never been a class holiday. It has always been a national holiday.
ON SEPTEMBER 6, 1936, THE EVE OF LABOR DAY, President Franklin Roosevelt delivered his eighth “Fireside Chat.” Although his New Deal program had seen some policy successes—including the passage in 1935 of the Social Security Act—the Great Depression was still far from over, the unemployment rate remained above 20 percent, and millions of Americans were suffering. FDR began this address by movingly describing what he saw on a just-completed tour of nine states affected by “drought devastation”:
I shall never forget the fields of wheat so blasted by heat that they cannot be harvested. I shall never forget field after field of corn stunted, earless and stripped of leaves, for what the sun left the grasshoppers took. I saw brown pastures which would not keep a cow on fifty acres.
After discussing his administration’s plans to help the drought-stricken states, and then more general plans for getting people back to work, Roosevelt concluded with these remarks (beginning at 22:15 in this audio recording1) about the meaning of Labor Day:
Tomorrow is Labor Day. Labor Day in this country has never been a class holiday. It has always been a national holiday. It has never had more significance as a national holiday than it has now. In other countries the relationship of employer and employee has been more or less accepted as a class relationship not readily to be broken through. In this country we insist, as an essential of the American way of life, that the employer-employee relationship should be one between free men and equals. We refuse to regard those who work with hand or brain as different from or inferior to those who live from their own property. We insist that labor is entitled to as much respect as property. But our workers with hand and brain deserve more than respect for their labor. They deserve practical protection in the opportunity to use their labor at a return adequate to support them at a decent and constantly rising standard of living, and to accumulate a margin of security against the inevitable vicissitudes of life.
The average man must have that twofold opportunity if we are to avoid the growth of a class-conscious society in this country.
There are those who fail to read both the signs of the times and American history. They would try to refuse the worker any effective power to bargain collectively, to earn a decent livelihood and to acquire security. It is those shortsighted ones, not labor, who threaten this country with that class dissension which in other countries has led to dictatorship and the establishment of fear and hatred as the dominant emotions in human life.
All American workers, brain workers and manual workers alike, and all the rest of us whose well-being depends on theirs, know that our needs are one in building an orderly economic democracy in which all can profit and in which all can be secure from the kind of faulty economic direction which brought us to the brink of common ruin seven years ago.
There is no cleavage between white-collar workers and manual workers, between artists and artisans, musicians and mechanics, lawyers and accountants, architects and miners.
Tomorrow, Labor Day, belongs to all of us. Tomorrow, Labor Day, symbolizes the hope of all Americans. Anyone who calls it a class holiday challenges the whole concept of American democracy.
The Fourth of July commemorates our political freedom—a freedom which without economic freedom is meaningless indeed. Labor Day symbolizes our determination to achieve an economic freedom for the average man which will give his political freedom reality.
The text has been edited to match the president’s verbal delivery, and so differs very slightly from the text as printed in the fifth volume of The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
"The Fourth of July commemorates our political freedom—a freedom which without economic freedom is meaningless indeed." I like to ask you to think about being homeless, which my family was during the Great Recession, through this lens. You lose so many rights, especially the 4th, when you are homeless. But you also lose freedom and opportunity because you need a residence or mailing address to climb out of the hole and get a job. My husband worked 50 hrs a week as a zookeeper from our tent and car. That's the only way we got out and regained rights. Especially civil rights. Thank you.
Advanced capitalist economies are associated with advanced democracies.
In advanced capitalist societies, any person can form an organization, access
government-enforced rules to structure it, and engage in a wide variety of activities without having to continually request approval from the government. The forms of supported organizations are rich and varied, with sizes ranging from very small to very large, and lots of changes appearing and disappearing as the market needs. Advanced capitalism ensures that everyone faces the same limits and enjoys the same freedoms; its not the absence of limits or regulation.
In advanced democratic societies electoral contests are unencumbered, with full suffrage, minimal fraud, and effective guarantees of civil liberties (freedom of speech, assembly, and association).
Democratic health is often measured by a polity score that measures indexes of government, how the executive is chosen, constraints on the power of the executive, the extent of political competition, etc. For example, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) produces the largest global dataset on democracy.
In 2025, the V-Dem director said the United States will “definitely” be downgraded and reclassified in next year’s assessment. “At the pace at which it is happening”, he noted , “I would say that before the end of the summer, you no longer qualify as a democracy in the United States”, adding that “it would mean that the rule of law, the constraints of the executive, critically, that they would be gone to such an extent that we can no longer talk about even a constitutional republic.”
Because of the tight association between advanced democracy and advanced capitalism a degradation of democracy will have commensurate effects on capitalism -- and therefore, whatever we call labor these days will suffer.
Try, try, try to separate them
It's an illusion
Try, try, try and you will only come
To this conclusion...
You can't have (an advanced) one without the other